This Perspective reviews the shift from traditional probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) toward “next-generation probiotics” or live biotherapeutic products informed by advances in microbiome science. It outlines how novel commensal bacteria, often from underexplored taxa, show potential for targeted therapeutic applications beyond general gut health claims. The article discusses the translational challenges of moving these microbes into clinical use, including regulatory classification differences between foods and pharmaceuticals. It emphasizes the need for rigorous mechanistic studies, well-designed clinical trials, and clear safety assessments to establish efficacy and ensure safe adoption of these next-generation microbial therapies.

The study evaluated how linoleic acid (LA) exposure affects growth, metabolism, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) synthesis in six strains across three Bifidobacterium species. Using metabolomic profiling, the authors identified stress-related metabolic shifts—such as altered amino acid and central carbon metabolism—linked to LA presence. They also observed strain‑specific differences in CLA production, suggesting that inherent metabolic pathways influence both stress response and LA conversion. The findings underscore the importance of considering metabolic stress alongside functional compound synthesis when selecting probiotic strains for food or therapeutic applications. 

The authors engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to secrete two class IIa bacteriocins—plantaricin 423 (PlaX) and mundticin ST4SA (MunX)—using both native and codon-optimized genes paired with either α-factor or XYNSEC secretion signals. They found that α-factor-mediated secretion outperformed XYNSEC, and codon optimization led to an eightfold increase in antimicrobial activity of MunX against Listeria monocytogenes, though no similar enhancement was seen for PlaX. The optimized strains produced 20.9 mg/L MunX and 18.4 mg/L PlaX, with MIC values of 108.5 nM and 1.18 µM respectively—significantly exceeding yields from E. coli expression systems. This study demonstrates the promise of S. cerevisiae as a cost-effective host for bacteriocin production, while highlighting crucial considerations in codon usage and signal peptide design for maximizing yield and activity. 

The authors screened 680 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates from fermented vegetables and human-derived sources for activity against Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex type 1, which is prevalent in atopic dermatitis (AD). Four strains—primarily Lactiplantibacillus plantarum—demonstrated strong inhibition of S. aureus growth, reducing colony counts to below detection within 8–12 hours in co-culture assays. Mechanistic studies suggested multiple antimicrobial actions, including acidification, co-aggregation, and potential bacteriocin production, although neutralizing the pH abolished the effect, implicating organic acid as the primary driver. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of selected LAB strains or their cell-free supernatants to reduce S. aureus colonization in AD, warranting further in vivo evaluation and exploration of specific bioactive molecules. 

. 

We discussed about the influence of prebiotics on the lipolytic activity of probiotic bacteria to evaluate the free fatty acid (FFA) profile, with emphasis on CLA during cheese ripening time.

Also, we evaluated the results in health perspective based on atherogenicity index. 

Evaluation of factors in influencing expression and extraction of recombinant bacteriophage endolysins in Escherichia coli / Endolysins are peptidoglycan hydrolases which one promising anti-bacterials. However, endolysins have poor solubility. The effort for endolysin solubility; answer is induction temperature, His-tag location, and lysis buffer additives. 

The large number of Lactobacillus species, with immense genetic, ecological, and metabolic diversity, is becoming challenging to deal with. A polyphasic approach in revising the taxonomy of the genus allowed the extensive revision, creating 23 new genera within Lactobacillaceae. This would provide better communication between researchers, the industry, and consumers, as well as identify new organisms and classify them correctly into the correct genera without having to rely on traditional methods of classification.